Increase Laptop Battery Backup – Tips and Tweaks...

1. Get rid of bloatware: First and foremost, get rid of all the useless software that comes bundled with laptops. You really don’t need all those monitors, recovery solutions and such, there are far better, lighter and free data recovery alternatives available. All of these programs running in the background not only slow down your computer, but also use up precious processing power which in turn depletes the battery. Even make sure that there are only essential items in startup, you don’t need iTunes Helper, Adobe Updater and stuff to startup with your PC.

2. Tone down the screen brightness: Probably the easiest and most obvious way to increase laptop battery backup is to reduce screen brightness. The same applies to any mobile device, in fact. Turn down the brightness to a comfortable, usable level and of course don’t make it bright enough to light up a whole room.

3. Unplug external devices and empty disc drives: External devices like aUSB external HDD, an iPod or mouse use power from the laptop to run. Therefore, unplug them so that all the battery power is used just for your laptop. If you want to watch a movie from removable media, copy it to your HDD and unplug the external device. Not only is it faster, that’s one less device using up previous battery power. Similarly, if you’re not using the optical disc drive, remove any discs from it because even if it’s not being read from or written on, the disc drive keeps spinning and using power.

4. Avoid multimedia content and using speakers: Gaming or watching high def movies on battery power is not a good idea, it eats up battery really fast. The graphics card works overtime and requires more power to render graphics or frames in a movie, specially high definition ones. As much as possible, mute the sounds as well or use earphones/headphones while watching a movie.

5. Turn off connectivity services: When you’re not surfing the internet through Wi-Fi or transferring data through Bluetooth, turn them off to save battery power. Turning them on or off is just a key press away on modern laptops and shouldn’t be too cumbersome. Both these services require considerable power.

6. Tweak power options: Laptops have multiple power options and some even come with company optimized ones. Try using the power saver option when you want to extend battery life, and change the time before the laptop switches off display and hard disks or goes to sleep. About 15 minutes or so will do just fine. Although, keep in mind that if you select to turn off the hard drives after a certain time, ongoing operations might be interrupted. So if you’re doing something important involving constant use of the hard drives on battery power, make sure to move the mouse once in a while.

7. Hibernate, not Sleep: If you’re looking to resume work after a break, make sure to put the laptop to Hibernate and not Sleep. Sleep mode simply turns off drives and display but memory and such keeps running. Thus, battery is still being consumed. Hibernate on the other hand, saves the current state and turns off components, thus power is conserved.


8. Update drivers: Although it’s not considered a direct connection, most newer drivers help devices perform more efficiently and thus consume less power. Furthermore, they can even offload processing tasks to specific components and not stress the CPU.

So that was how to increase laptop battery backup in 8 easy ways. Individually they might not make much of a difference, but if applied together, it can considerably increase battery backup and life. A common misconception is that laptop batteries have to be completely charged and discharged to ensure a long life. This is not true, modern lithium ion batteries are not affected by partial charges and discharges, although older nickel metal hydride batteries used to be. Do let us know if there’s anything else you do to save battery and as always, comments and suggestions are welcome!

কম্পিউটারের আবিষ্কার কাল...

বর্তমানে আমরা যে কম্পিউটার ব্যবহার করি তা একদিনে গঠিত হয় নি । কম্পিউটারের আবিষ্কার কালকে পাঁচটি প্রজন্মে ভাগ করা হয়েছে । নিচে এগুলো সমন্ধে দেওয়া হল । আশা করি আপনাদের উপকারে আসবে ।

 প্রথম প্রজন্ম (১৯৪০-১৯৫৬) : ইলেকট্রনিক কম্পিউটার তৈরির প্রচেষ্টা শুরু হয় ১৯৪০ সালে । পেনসিলভানিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের অধ্যাপক জন মউসলি ১৯৪৫ সালে "ENIAC" নামের একটি কম্পিউটার তৈরি করেন । এটির ওজন ছিল ৩০ টন । এতে ১৮০০ ভ্যাকুয়াম টিউব ব্যবহৃত হয় । এটি চালাতে ২০০ কিলোওয়াট বিদ্যুৎ খরচ হতো ।

 দ্বিতীয় প্রজন্ম (১৯৫৬-১৯৬৩) : ১৯৪৮ সালে ট্রানজিস্টার আবিষ্কৃত হয় । ষাটের দশকে দৈত্যাকৃতি ভ্যাকুয়াম টিউব এর বদলে ট্রানজিস্টার ব্যবহার করা হয় । ফলে কম্পিউটারের আকার ছোট হয়ে আসে, দাম কমে যায়, কাজের গতি বাড়ে এবং বিদ্যুৎ খরচ ব্যাপক হারে কমে যায় ।

 তৃতীয় প্রজন্ম (১৯৬৪-১৯৭১) : মনোলিথিক ইন্টিগ্রেটেড সার্কিট (MIC) ব্যবহার করার মাধ্যমে IBM তৃতীয় প্রজন্ম কম্পিউটারের প্রবর্তন করে । ইনটেল কোম্পানি ১৯৭১ সালে “MSC-4” মাইক্রোপ্রসেসর তৈরি করে । এই প্রজন্ম থেকেই টিভির পর্দার মতো কম্পিউটারের পর্দার প্রবর্তন করা হয় । বাংলাদেশের জন্য এই প্রজন্ম খুবই গুরুত্বপূর্ণ । কারন সর্বপ্রথম ১৯৬৪ সালে বাংলাদেশের পরমাণু শক্তিকেন্দ্রে “IBM-1620” কম্পিউটার ব্যবহার করা হয় ।

 চতুর্থ প্রজন্ম (১৯৭১-বর্তমান) : এই প্রজন্মে মাইক্রোপ্রসেসর ব্যবহার শুরু হয় । এইসময় কি-বোর্ডের পাশাপাশি মাউসের ব্যবহার শুরু হয় । এইসময়ই হার্ডডিস্ক আবিষ্কৃত হয় । এইসময় ভেনিস রিচি “সি প্রোগ্রামিং” আবিষ্কার করেন । ১৯৭৫ সালে বিখ্যাত “মাইক্রোসফট কোম্পানি” যাত্রা শুরু করে ।

 পঞ্চম প্রজন্ম (ভবিষ্যৎ) : ???

ফেইসবুক এ BLUE COLOR TEXTদিতে চান ?

তাহলে আর দেরী নাকরে নিচের পোস্টটি ভাল করে পড়ুন। সাধারণত ফেইসবুক এ কোন
কিছুলিখলে তা Black color font এ দেখা যায় কিন্তু আপনি চাইলেএটিকে Blue collor/link color এ
রূপান্তর করতে পারেন কিভাবে? না ভাই ঘাবড়াবার মতো তেমন কিছু না খুবই Simple
একটা ট্রিক্স, আপনি যে Text টি BLUE COLOR করতে চান তা
@@+[1:[0:1: HI]] লক্ষ্য করুন প্রথম দুটি @@ এর পর + সাইনটি রিমুভ করতে হবে। ট্রাই করার জন্য কমেন্ট বক্স তো থাকছেই। 

ভাল লাগলে বন্ধুদের কে ট্যাগ করুন।

না বুজলে কমেন্ট বক্স বলতে পারেন !" 

Basic Unix Commands..

Hello Reader....

The article is to give you knowledge about the basic 

commands of unix that particularly used in the unix

 based operating system. 

The article is very interesting and helps you to all in 

learning Unix/linux based operating system.

Note: Some commands may be differ/change according 

to your operating.

Location:

(1) ls ---> lists your files

(2) ls -l ---> lists your files in 'long format', which contains 

lots of useful information, e.g. the exact size of the file,

 who owns the file and who has the right to look at it, 

and when it was last modified.

(3) ls -a ---> lists all files, including the ones whose file 

names begin in a dot, which you do not always want to see.

There are many more options, for example to list files by 

size, by date, recursively etc.

(1) more filename ---> shows the first part of a file, just as 

much as will fit on one screen. Just hit the space bar to see 

more or q to quit. You can use /pattern to search for a pattern.

(2) emacs filename ---> is an editor that lets you create and 

edit a file. See the emacs page.

(3) mv filename1 filename2 ---> moves a file (i.e. gives it a 

different name, or moves it into a different directory.

(4) cp filename1 filename2 ---> copies a file.

(5) rm filename ---> removes a file. It is wise to use the option 

rm -i, which will ask you for confirmation before actually 

deleting anything. You can make this your default by making 

an alias in your .cshrc file.

(6) diff filename1 filename2 ---> compares files, and shows 

where they differ.

(7) wc filename ---> tells you how many lines, words, and 

characters there are in a file.

(8) chmod options filename ---> lets you change the read, 

write, and execute permissions on your files. The default is 

that only you can look at them and change them, but you may 

sometimes want to change these permissions. For example, 

chmod o+r filename will make the file readable for everyone,

 and chmod o-r filename will make it unreadable for others 

again. Note that for someone to be able to actually look at the

file the directories it is in need to be at 

least executable. See help protection for more details.

File Compression:

(1) gzip filename ---> compresses files, so that they take up

 much less space. Usually text files compress to about half 

their original size, but it depends very much on the size of 

the file and the nature of the contents. There are other tools 

for this purpose, too 

(e.g. compress), but gzip usually gives the highest compression 

rate. Gzip produces files with the ending '.gz' appended to the 

original filename.

(2) gunzip filename ---> uncompresses files compressed by gzip.

(3) gzcat filename ---> lets you look at a gzipped file without 

actually having to gunzip it (same as gunzip -c). You can even 

print it directly, using gzcat filename | lpr.

Printing:

(1) lpr filename ---> print. Use the -P option to specify the 

printer name if you want to use a printer other than your 

default printer. 

For example, if you want to print double-sided, use 'lpr -Pvalkyr-

d', or if you're at CSLI, you may want to use 'lpr -Pcord115-d'. 

See 'help printers' for more information about printers and their 

locations.

(2) lpq ---> check out the printer queue, e.g. to get the number 

needed for removal, or to see how many other files will be 

printed before yours will come out.

(3) lprm jobnumber ---> remove something from the printer 

queue. You can find the job number by using lpq. Theoretically 

you also have to specify a printer name, but this isn't necessary 

as long as you use your default printer in the department.

(4) genscript ---> converts plain text files into postscript for 

printing, and gives you some options for formatting. Consider 

making an alias like alias ecop 'genscript -2 -r !* | lpr -h -

Pvalkyr' to print two pages on one piece of paper.

(5) dvips filename ---> print .dvi files (i.e. files produced by 

LaTeX). You can use dviselect to print only selected pages. 

See the LaTeX page for more information about how to save 

paper when printing drafts.

Directories:

Directories, like folders on a Macintosh, are used to group

 files together in a hierarchical structure.

(1) mkdir dirname ---> make a new directory

(2) cd dirname ---> change directory. You basically 'go' to 

another directory, and you will see the files in that directory 

when you do 'ls'. You always start out in your 'home directory',

and you can get back there by typing 'cd' without arguments. 

'cd ..' will get you one level up from your current position. You 

don't have to walk along step by step - you can make big leaps 

or avoid walking around by specifying pathnames.

(3)pwd ---> tells you where you currently are.

Finding things:

(1) ff ---> find files anywhere on the system. This can be 

extremely useful if you've forgotten in which directory you 

put a file, but do remember the name. In fact, if you use ff -p 

you don't even need the full name, just the beginning. This 

can also be useful for finding other things on the system e.g. 

documentation.

(2) grep string filename(s) ---> looks for the string in the files. 

This can be useful a lot of purposes, e.g. finding the right file 

among many, figuring out which is the right version of 
something, 

and even doing serious corpus work. grep comes in several 

varieties (grep, egrep, and fgrep) and has a lot of very flexible 

options. Check out the man pages if this sounds good to you.

About other people:

(1) w ---> tells you who's logged in, and what they're doing. 

Especially useful: the 'idle' part. This allows you to see 

whether they're actually sitting there typing away at their 

keyboards right at the moment.

(2) who ---> tells you who's logged on, and where they're 

coming from. Useful if you're looking for someone who's 

actually physically in the same building as you, or in some 

other particular location.

(3) finger username ---> gives you lots of information about 

that user, e.g. when they last read their mail and whether 

they're logged in. Often people put other practical information, 

such as phone numbers and addresses, in a file called .plan. 

This information is also displayed by 'finger'.

(4) last -1 username ---> tells you when the user last logged on 

and off and from where. Without any options, last will give 

you a list of everyone's logins.

(5) talk username ---> lets you have a (typed) conversation 

with another user

(6) write username ---> lets you exchange one-line messages with 

another user

(7) elm ---> lets you send e-mail messages to people around the 

world (and, of course, read them). It's not the only mailer you 

can use, but the one we recommend. See the elm page, and find 

out about the departmental mailing lists (which you can also 

find in /user/linguistics/helpfile).

About your (electronic) self:

(1) whoami ---> returns your username. Sounds useless, but isn't. 

You may need to find out who it is who forgot to log out 

somewhere, and make sure *you* have logged out.

(2) finger & .plan files --->of course you can finger yourself, too. 

That can be useful e.g. as a quick check whether you got new mail. 

Try to create a useful .plan file soon. Look at other people's .plan 

files for ideas. The file needs to be readable for everyone in order 

to be visible through 'finger'. Do 'chmod a+r .plan' if necessary. 

You should realize that this information is accessible from 

anywhere in the world, not just to other people on turing.

(3) passwd ---> lets you change your password, which you should 

do regularly (at least once a year). See the LRB guide 

and/or look at help password.

(4) ps -u yourusername ---> lists your processes. Contains lots of 

information about them, including the process ID, which you need 

if you have to kill a process. Normally, when you have been 

kicked out of a dialin session or have otherwise managed to get 

yourself disconnected abruptly, this list will contain the processes 

you need to kill. Those may include the shell (tcsh or whatever 

you're using), and anything you were running, for example emacs 

or elm. Be careful not to kill your current shell - the one with the 

number closer to the one of the ps command you're currently 

running. But if it happens, don't panic. Just try again Smile If 

you're using an X-display you may have to kill some X processes 

before you can start them again. These will show only when you 

use ps -efl, because they're root processes.

(5) kill PID ---> kills (ends) the processes with the ID you gave. 

This works only for your own processes, of course. Get the ID by 

using ps. If the process doesn't 'die' properly, use the option -9. 

But attempt without that option first, because it doesn't give the 

process a chance to finish possibly important business before 

dying. You may need to kill processes for example if your modem 

connection was interrupted and you didn't get logged out 

properly, which sometimes happens.

(6) quota -v ---> show what your disk quota is (i.e. how much 

space you have to store files), how much you're actually using, 

and in case you've exceeded your quota (which you'll be given an 

automatic warning about by the system) how much time you have 

left to sort them out (by deleting or gzipping some, or moving 

them to your own computer).

(7) du filename ---> shows the disk usage of the files and 

directories in filename (without argument the current 

directory is used). du -s gives only a total.

(8) last yourusername ---> lists your last logins. Can be a useful 

memory aid for when you were where, how long you've been 

working for, and keeping track of your phone bill if you're 

making a non-local phone call for dialling in.

Connecting to the outside world:

(1) nn ---> allows you to read news. It will first let you read 

the news local to turing, and then the remote news. If you 

want to read only the local or remote news, you can use nnl 

or nnr, respectively. To learn more about nn type nn, then 

tty{:man}, then tty{=.*}, then tty{Z}, then hit the space bar 

to step through the manual. Or look at the man page.

 Or check out the hypertext nn 

FAQ - probably the easiest and most fun way to go.

(2) rlogin hostname ---> lets you connect to a remote host

(3) telnet hostname ---> also lets you connect to a remote host.

Use rlogin whenever possible.

(4) ftp hostname ---> lets you download files from a 

remote host which is set up as an ftp-server. This is a 
common method for exchanging academic papers and 

drafts. If you need to make a paper of yours available 

in this way, you can (temporarily) put a copy in 

/user/ftp/pub/TMP. For more permanent solutions, ask 

Emma. The most important commands within ftp are get for 

getting files from the remote machine, and put for putting 

them there (mget and mput let you specify more than one 

file at once). 

Sounds straightforward, but be sure not to confuse the two, 

especially when your physical location doesn't correspond 

to the direction of the ftp connection you're making. ftp just 

overwrites files with the same filename. If you're transferring 

anything other han ASCII text, use binary mode.

(5) lynx ---> lets you browse the web from an ordinary 

terminal. Of course you can see only the text, not the 

pictures. You can type any URL as an argument to the G 

command. When you're doing this from any Stanford host 

you can leave out the .stanford.edu 

part of the URL when connecting to Stanford URLs. Type 

H at any time to learn more about lynx, and Q to exit.

Miscellaneous tools:

(1) webster word ---> looks up the word in an electronic 

version of Webster's dictionary and returns the definition(s).

(2) date ---> shows the current date and time.

(3) cal ---> shows a calendar of the current month. Use e.g., 

'cal 10 1995' to get that for October 95, or 'cal 1995' to get 

the whole year.

I hope you all enjoyed the article about basic unix command 

and hope helps you all to make better in Unix/ Linux 

operating system.